Aromatic, Pungent & Related Flavor Components Of Food
Aromatic and organoleptic compounds found in food:
"Organoleptic properties are the aspects of food or other substances as experienced by the senses, including taste, sight, smell, and touch."
ambrettolide Oxacycloheptadec-10-en-2-one: a macrocyclic musk: C16H28O2, strong musky odor, Ambrette seed,
CAS # 28645-51-4: soapy type odor and an soapy type flavor:
Musky, Powerful, Warm, Fruity, slight floral:
fixative in the manufacture of perfume.
angelica a lactone
anethole (E)-1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene phenolic: phenylpropene: C10H12O sweet, warm: 13 times sweeter than sugar Anise
Ouzo and Pernod
ascaridol ? ? ? Epazote
borneol ? Phenolic ? Rosemary
carene ? ? ? Pink Pepper
carvacrol (cymophenol) monoterpenoid phenol C10H14O Pleasant taste, smel Oregano, Thyme, Pepperwort,
Antimicrobial, slows bacterial growth bergamot, savory, marjoram,
tequilla
carvone: L-carvone terpene Spearmint
carvone: D-carvone terpene Peppermint
caryophyllene Beta-caryophyllene != humulene terpene: Sesquiterpenes C15H24 woody Allspice, Cinnamon, Clove
Grains of paradise
cineole terpene Eucalyptus Eucalyptus, Basil,
Bay, Lavendar,
Spearmint, Rosemary,Sage
cinnamaldehyde phenolic Cinnamon and cassia Cassia, Cinnamon
cinnamyl acetate 3-Phenylprop-2-enyl acetate Ester Anise Cassia, Cinnamon
citral terpene/Aldehyde mix: geranial+neral lemon, citrus, fruity and green scent Citronella, lemon balm,
geranial = citral a, neral = citral b lemon myrtle
citronellal terpene/Aldehyde like citral, but less sweet and fruity Citronella, lemon balm,
lemon myrtle
cresol
cucumber aldehyde terpene/Aldehyde Borage, cucumber?
cuminaldehyde terpene/Aldehyde cumin Cumin
curcumene 1-Methyl4(6methyl5hepten2yl)benzene terpene: sesquiterpene C15H22 woody Turmeric
decenal ? citrus Coriander
dill ether Ether minty, floral, weak dill-like (Blank et al.) Dill
Odor Perception Threshold = 25 ppb in water
estragole 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene phenolic: phenylpropene C10H12O Sweet-herbaceous Anise-Fennel Avocado leaf, Basil,
EXPECTED CARCINOGEN Chervil,Tarragon, Star anise
eugenol 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol phenolic: Phenylpropane C10H12O2 clove-like aroma. (liver toxin) Cloves, Cinnamon, Nutmeg,
Sweet Basil, African Basil,
Tulsi or Holy Basil,
anise, Lemon balm, Dill,
Pimenta racemosa
fenchone 1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one terpene: C10H16O camphor-like, penetrating Fennel
geraniol 3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol terpene/alcohol C10H18O floral: sweet rose Lemongrass, Nutmeg,
monoterpenoid+alcohol Effective mosquito repellent Sichuan Pepper, Sansho
geranyl acetate 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadiene acetate terpene: monoterpene C12H20O2 pleasant floral or fruity rose aroma lemon grass, petit grain,
neroli, geranium, coriander,
carrot, Camden woollybutt,
sassafras
guaiacol 2-methoxyphenol phenolic:phenolic acid C6H4(OH)(OCH3) penetrating (woody?) vanilla, roasted coffee
eugenol, vanillin precursor
expectorant, antiseptic, local anesthetic.
oxygen turns it from colorless to brown.
humulene alpha caryophyllene terpene: Sesquiterpenes C15H24 woody ("earthy, herbal") Annatto, Grains of paradise
lactone ketone / cyclic ester woody Angelica
lavandulyl acetate ester? C12H20O2 fresh citrus fruity nuance, weak floral Lavender
linalyl acetate ester C12H20O2 fruity odor reminiscent of bergamot mint oil Lavender
acetate ester of linalool, often coincide
limonene 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene terpene: cyclic terpene C10H16 Fruity/citrus, D isomer: strong orange Angelica, Dill, Epazote
In citrus rinds, may treat/prevent cancer Spearmint, Perilla, Sassafras,
Tarragon, citrus rinds,
Annatto, Caraway, Cardamom
Celery seed, Dill seed,
Fennel seed, Nutmeg,
Black pepper, pink pepper,
Star anise, Sumac
linalool linalyl alcohol, linaloyl oxide... alcohol C10H18O floral, slightly spicey > 200 plants including:
Potentially inhibits cancer Basil, Bay, Lavender,
Lavender, Lemon verbena,
Marjoram, Sassafras,
Thyme, Cardamom, Cinnamon,
Coriander, Ginger,
Grains of paradise,
Sichuan pepper, Sansho,
Star anise, Vanilla
menthatriene 5-Isopropenyl-2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene terpene: C10H14 Parsley Parsley
methoxycinnamate (E)-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enal phenol/aldehyde C10H10O2 celery seed celery seed, galangal
methyl cinnamate Methyl (E)-3-Phenylprop-2-enoate terpene: methel ester C10H10O2 Strong sweet strawberry + cinnamon Cinnamin, Galangal,
Sichuan pepper, strawberry,
some basil varieties, clove
methyleugenol 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-prop-2-en-1-ylbenzene phenol: methyl ether C11H14O2 Methyl ether of eugenol anise, Bananas?, Basil, Bay,
EXPECTED CARCINOGEN Mace, Nutmeg, pimento, rose
Odor of cloves and carnations Cinnamon leaves, pixuri seeds,
Laurel fruits + leaves.
"Has been found in
blackberry essence,
bananas, black pepper, and
bilberries."
myrcene 7-Methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene terpene: monoterpene C10H16 "pleasant," not stable in isolation Annatto, Mastic, Nutmeg
Juniper berry, spearmint,
Parsley, Rosemary, Sassafras
Tarragon, Thyme, hops
myristicin 6-allyl-4-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxole phenol: phenylpropene C11H12O3 Woody; Neurotoxin, psychoactive, damage Mace, Nutmeg (0.2-1.2% wtg)
ocimene a: 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene terpene: set of C10H16 "Pleasant", "sweet," "warm," "herbacious" Lavendar
ß: 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene isomeric hydrocarbons
paeonol 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone phenol C9H10O3 woody: antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory Licorice
anti-lipid peroxidation
perillaldehyde (S)-4-(1-Methylethenyl)-1- terpene aldehyde, mcyc C10H14O mint-like, cinnamon odor Perilla, false camphor wood
cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde flavor enhancer, perfume less: mint; thyme; sage; rosemary
& other Labiatae,
Greater water parsnip
phellandrene a:2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1, terpene, cyclic mono- C10H16 peppery-minty and slightly citrusy Angelica, Curry leaf, Parsley,
3-cyclohexadiene Sassafras, Tarragon,
Cumin, Dill seed, Ginger,
Pink pepper, Sichuan pepper,
Turmeric,
Eucalyptus dives,
water fennel, Canada balsam
phthalide(s) 2-Benzofuran-1(3H)-one cyclic misc? C8H6O2 example: butylphthalide: celery-like celery
oils: butylphthalide, etc.
dyes: phenolphthalein, etc.
fungicides: tetrachlorophthalide, etc.
protection against:
cancer, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
pinene (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo terpene, bicy. mono- C10H16 Pine (?) Ajwain, Annatto, Cardamom,
[3.1.1]hept-2-ene Primary constituents of turpentine. Coriander, Cumin, Dill seed,
Constituents of pine resin. Fennel seed, Galangal, Mace,
Used by insects to communicate. Mastic, Nigella, Nutmeg,
Black pepper, pink pepper,
Sichuan pepper, Sumac, Angelica,
Bay, Calif Bay, Curry leaf,
Dill, Epazote, Hyssop,
Juniper berry, peppermint,
Spearmint, Rosemary, Sage,
Sassafras, Tarragon, Thyme
pinocamphone 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1] phenolic? C10H16O "Fresh" Hyssop
heptan-3-one
pyridines ?pyridine: unpleasant smell. Spearmint
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline ketone, cyclic imine C6H9NO White bread, basmati + jasmine rice jasmine rice, basmati rice,
substituted pyrroline smell + flavor pandan, white bread (Maillard reactions)
bread flowers
sabinene 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)bicyclo[3.1.0] terpene, bicy. mono- C10H16 spiciness of black pepper black pepper, carrot seed oil,
hexane nutmeg, mace, tea tree oil,'
Cardamom, cubeb pepper,
Calif Bay, Juniper berry,
Marjoram
safranal 2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3- terpene (w/ Ox?) C10H14O Hay-like, penetrating Saffron
cyclohexadiene-1-carboxaldehyde Anticonvulsant, antidepressant
safrole 5-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole phenolic: phenylpropene C10H10O2 sassafras, EXPECTED CARCINOGEN sassafras
Precursor for MDMA ("Ecstacy")
sedanolide ? phthalide C12H18O2 Aroma of celery celery seed,
Antibacterial and Antifungal
inhibits carcinogenesis
sulfides: disulfides
sulfides: risulfides
sulfides: tetrasulfides
terpinene a: 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,3- terpenes (a vs ß, ?, d) C10H16 Citrus, Lemon, Lime cardamom and marjoram
cyclohexadiene Ajwain,
terpineol 2-(4-Methyl- 1-cyclohex- monoterpene alcohol C10H18O Lilac aroma common in perfumes, Cardamom, cubeb pepper,
3-enyl) propan- 2-ol cosmetics, flavorings Curry leaf, Lovage, Rosemary
terpenyl acetate 4-Methyl-1-propan-2-yl ester C12H20O2 light sweet smell like lavendar + chayote ???
-1-cyclohex-2-enyl) acetate
thujone a:(1S,4R,5R)-4-Methyl-1-(propan-2-yl) ketone + monoterpene C10H16O menthol odor Thyme, absinthe's
bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one
thymol 2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenol monoterpene phenol C10H14O Thyme odor/flavor Thyme
Antimicrobial
turmerone ar-turmerone,(R)-(-)-ar-Turmerone Ketone C15H22O woody Turmeric
Strong anti-oxidant (skin health, etc.)
vanillin 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde phenolic aldehyde C8H8O3 Vanilla aroma/flavor Vanilla bean, olive oil,
Perfumes, thin layer chromatography Raspberrry, lychee
zingiberene 2-Methyl-5-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl) monocyclic sesquiterpene C15H24 Ginger flavor Ginger
cyclohexa-1,3-diene
--------------
PUNGENT COMPOUNDS:
allicin 2-Propene-1-sulfinothioic acid organosulfur compound C6H10OS2 distinctively pungent smell. Garlic
S-2-propenyl ester antibacterial, anti-fungal, pest repellent
allyl isothiocyanate 3-Isothiocyanato-1-propene organosulfur compound C4H5NS pungent taste of ... Mustard, horseradish, wasabi.
alpha-hydroxy-sanshool (Hydroxy alpha sanshool) ?methyl amine? 16H25NO2 pungent (numbing) taste of... Sichuan peppercorns Japanese Sanchoo pepper
camphor terpene: Ketone (waxy) C10H16O pungent, cooling, anti-itch Hyssop, Rosemary, Sage
Capsaicin 8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-trans-6-nonenamide ??? C18H27NO3 pungent (hot) taste of Chili peppers
Cardamom_large, Coriander,
Galangal
galangal acetate (S) 1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate Acetate C13H14O4 strong pungent, strong woody Galangal
galangal acetate (R) 1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate Acetate C13H14O4 pungent, faint woody and sweet aroma, Galangal
pinene (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo terpene, bicy. mono- C10H16 Pine (?) Ajwain, Annatto, Cardamom,
[3.1.1]hept-2-ene Primary constituents of turpentine. Coriander, Cumin, Dill seed,
Constituents of pine resin. Fennel seed, Galangal, Mace,
Used by insects to communicate. Mastic, Nigella, Nutmeg,
Black pepper, pink pepper,
Sichuan pepper, Sumac, Angelica,
Bay, Calif Bay, Curry leaf,
Dill, Epazote, Hyssop,
Juniper berry, peppermint,
Spearmint, Rosemary, Sage,
Sassafras, Tarragon, Thyme
quercetin 2-Propene-1-sulfinothioic acid phenolic C15H10O7 Mild bitter flavor in onion, black and green tea,
S-2-propenyl ester flavonol, flavonoid fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains Capers, lovage, apples,
Red grapes, citrus fruit,
Tomato, broccoli, preckly pear cactus
Green leafy vegetables, raspberry,
bog whortleberry, lingoberry,
Cranberry, chokeberry, sweet rowan,
Rowanberry, sea buckthorn, crowberry.
zingerone 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)- ??? C11H14O3 pungency of ginger Ginger
2-butanone
--------------
ASTRINGENT COMPOUNDS:
anthocyanins polyphenolic mildly astringent most red, blue, purple plant parts
gallic acid
tannic acid
tannins
---------------------------------
NOTES:
---------------------------------
See Jmol for stuctures
Chemical family overview
------------------------
http://survival-training.info/Library/Chemistry/Chemistry%20-%20Chemistry%20of%20Essential%20oils%20-%20Andrew%20Pengelly.pdf
Table p. 3
Table 1. Classification Of Essential Oil Compounds
Compound Description
Terpene Flowery, citrusy, minty, herbaceous, piney: Contains C5H8 (isoprene) building blocks, named by dividing isoprenes by 2: e.g. diterpene has 4 isoprenes (C20H32). Vitamin A is ~diterpene (C20) or aldehyde?
Hydrocarbon Contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms: Example Terpene. Note that other aromatics have oxygen including all of the following:
Alcohol Contains a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to the terpene structure.
Aldehyde Terpenoids with a carbonyl group (C=O) and hydrogen bonded to a carbon (generally at the end of a carbon chain): Vitamin A is ~diterpene (C20) or aldehyde?
Cyclic aldehydes Aldehyde group attached to a benzene ring
Ketone Contains a carbonyl (C=0) group bonded to (between) two carbon atoms. A carbonyl group is a carbon double bonded with an oxygen: C=O
Phenol Spicy, warming, pungent: Hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a benzene ring
Phenolic ether Contains an O between C and benzene ring
Oxide Has an O bridging 2 or more carbons
Ester Fruity: Condensation product of acid and alcohol
Molecular class Ending Compound Essential oil examples
Hydrocarbons ene Pinene, limonene Citrus, pine
Alcohols ol Linalool, Menthol, Coriander, tea tree, peppermint
terpinen-4-ol
Sesquiterpene ol alpha-bisabolol German chamomile, sandalwood
alcohols santolol, farnesol
Phenols ol Thymol, borneol Thyme, oregano
Phenylpropanes ol Eugenol, safrol, Aniseed, clove, tarragon, myrtle leaf
elemicin, anethol
Diterpenes ol Sclareol, carnosol Clary sage, rosemary, Vitamin A precursor?
Aldehydes al Citral, citronellal Citronella, lemon balm, lemon myrtle
Cyclic aldehydes hyde Cinnamic aldehyde, Cinnamon, bitter almond, cumin
benzaldehyde
Ketones one Pulegone, thujone, Pennyroyal, thuja, sage,
piperitone, camphor Eucalyptus radiata
Esters ate Methyl salicylate, Lavender, wintergreen, clary sage
linalyl acetate
Oxides ole 1-8 cineole, Eucalyptus, wormseed, cajeput
ascaridole,
linalool oxide
Sesquiterpenes ene Bisabolene, German chamomile, yarrow
chamazulene,
caryophyllene
Lactones in, Coumarins – Angelica, celery, bergamot
one umbelliferone,
bergapten
Sesquiterpene in Helenalin, Elecampane, arnica
Lactones
-----
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/terpene
Terpene is any of a large and varied class of hydrocarbons, with the molecular formula (C5H8)n,
-------------------------------------
From Harold McGee's "On Food And Cooking", 2004, p. 391
Terpenes
Chemical Aroma
Pinenes Pine needles and bark
Limonene Citrus fruits
Terpinene Citrus fruits
Citral Citrus fruits
Geraniol Roses
Linalool Lily of the valley
Cineole Eucalyptus
Menthole Peppermint
Menthone Peppermint
L-carvone Spearmint
D-carvone Caraway
Phenolics
Chemical Aroma
Eugenol Clove
Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamon and cassia
Anethole Anise
Vanillin Vanilla
Thymol Thyme
Carvacrol Oregano
Estragole Tarragon
-------------------
See also
http://shop.perfumersapprentice.com/p-6676-ambrettolide.aspx
Molecular genetic and chemical assessment of radix Angelica (Danggui) in China.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12696940
---
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anethole
All terpenes are synthesized via terpene synthase" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene_synthase_N_terminal_domain
--
http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/dillether.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estragole
Eugenol
http://pathway.gramene.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PWY-5859
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenol
Eugenol is hepatotoxic, meaning it may cause damage to the liver.[17][18]
Overdose is possible, causing a wide range of symptoms from blood in the patient's urine, to convulsions, diarrhea, nausea, unconsciousness, dizziness, or rapid heartbeat.[19] A 2-year old boy nearly died after taking between 5 and 10 ml., according to a published 1993 report.[20]
Eugenol is subject to restrictions on its use in perfumery [21] as some people may become sensitised to it, however the degree to which eugenol can cause an allergic reaction in humans is disputed.[22]
List of plants that contain the chemical
Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum)[23][24][25]
Wormwood
Cinnamon[24][26]
Cinnamomum tamala[27]
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)[28]
Ocimum basilicum[29] – Sweet Basil
Ocimum gratissimum[30] – African Basil
Ocimum tenuiflorum (Ocimum sanctum) – Tulsi or Holy Basil
Japanese star anise[31]
Lemon balm[32]
Dill
Pimenta racemosa
Cloves, Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Sweet Basil, African Basil, Tulsi or Holy Basil, anise, Lemon balm, Dill, Pimenta racemosa
----------------------
The Chemistry Of Terpenes:
http://books.google.com/books?id=pTcsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=fenchone+smells+like&source=bl&ots=EFvEy21ptC&sig=-7WeRsI0nrmVMp1W0j6Z07jp2nA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=crIYUMzNBoH-iwLJ5oGQAg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=fenchone%20smells%20like&f=false
Terpenoids:
http://www.cyberlipid.org/simple/simp0004.htm
----
http://www.perfumerbook.com/Classifying%20Aroma%20Chemicals.pdf
http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/galangal_acetate.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Humulene_biosynthesis.png => humulene = caryophyllene biosynthesis
===============================
The Nitty Gritty of Essential Oils
There are an astounding amount of aromatic compounds. More than 30,000 have been researched so far. Essential oils contain many of these compounds and in some cases, hundreds of different ones. Each compound contributes to creating unique scent and therapeutic possibilities.
Much can be told just from smelling a plant. Lemon thyme or lemon eucalyptus shares the scent of lemon but differ in everything else. Properties of many of the aromatic compounds have been researched and their molecular structure determined. Studies have been done to discover how they work on the body. Some aromatic compounds are antiseptic while others may have a sedative effect.
It is the synergistic effect of all these components that makes an essential oil what it is. Rose oil alone contains over 300 components which can change depending on how, when and where the plant was grown and harvested. There is also the issue of how the oils are extracted. For example, the process of distillation releases only lighter aromatic molecules, while absolutes,
concretes and resinoids contain both the lighter and heavier molecules, thus creating a more powerful scent. These oils perform strong actions on our physical and mental mechanisms.
Essential oils consist of chemical compounds which have hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as their building blocks. These are then subdivided into 2 groups: the hydrocarbons which are made up of mostly terpenes and the oxygenated compounds which are mainly alcohols, aldehydes: esters, ketones, phenols and oxides. Although technology is advancing, there are many more yet to be discovered. Current methods of analysing depend on the sensitivity of a technique called GC-Mass Spec (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) analysis. This technique is limited because it relies on the accurate interpretation of the operator and the fact that some components are so minor they do not register on GS detectors. Instead these minor components can be individually smelled and identified by experienced perfumers. In some cases, these undetected compounds can contribute hugely to an odor profile and may also be responsible for an oil’s particular effect on our physiological and psychological state.
Below is a chemical break-down of essential oils. Because essential oils are so complex, many will fall into one or more categories.
Alcohols – Alcohols are generally considered safe and have a very low or totally absent toxic reaction in the body or on the skin and so can be used on children. They are extremely useful due to their antiviral, antibacterial and antiseptic properties. Alcohols are present either as a free compound or combined with a terpene or ester and are found in ylang ylang and lavender as linalool, geraniol in geranium and palmarosa and citronellol found in rose, lemon and eucalyptus. Other alcohols include menthol, nerol and benzyl alcohol. These essential oils are skin toners. Their scent is considered a tonic to the nervous system.
Aldehydes – Alderhydes are found in lemon-scented oils such as melissa, lemon
verbena, citronella etc and include citral, citronellal and neral. They generally have sedative qualities with specific antiseptic properties. Other known alderhydes include benzaldehyde, cinnamic alderhyde and perillaldehyde. Essential oils containing alderhydes are
helpful in treating inflammation, Candida and viral infections. Some aldehydes should be used with caution because they could cause allergies or irritate skin.
Coumarins – can thin the blood. They are also calming and uplifting when they are inhaled. Some coumarins can make your skin sensitive to the sun.
Esters – Esters are the most widespread group found in essential oils. They are formed through the reaction of alcohols with acids and include linalyl acetate found in bergamot and lavender, geranyl acetate found in sweet marjoram and geranyl formate found in geranium. Oils containing esters are often used for their soothing and antifungal qualities and for helping to balance the nervous system. Esters are generally safe with the exception of methyl salicylate found in sweet birch, which is not toxic, but harmful in concentration.soothe muscle spasms and irritated skin. They kill fungal infections. Many are very relaxing when inhaled.
Ester Oxides – will release lung congestion. Many oxides stimulate mentally when inhaled.
Hydrocarbons – (terpenes and sesquilterpenes) reduce bacterial infections, inflammation and intestinal gas. They may be mentally stimulating. Hydrocarbons are one of two most common chemical types found in essential oils.
Ketones – Some of the most toxic constituents are ketones, such has thujone found in mugwort, sage and wormwood oils, while pulegone is found in pennyroyal and pinocamphone in hyssops. However some are non-toxic such as jasmone found in jasmine, fenchone in fennel and carvone in spearmint and dill and menthone found in peppermint. Ketones are often found in plants that are used for upper respiratory ailments so help ease congestion and aid the flow of mucus. They promote wound healing. Some of them are considered to stimulate fat metabolism.
Oxides - The most important oxide is cineol (or eucalyptol) and it stands almost in a class of its own. It is an effective expectorant and is the principal constituent (70-85 per cent) of eucalyptus oil (from the blue gum tree). However it is found in a number of other essential oils such as bay, tea tree and rosemary. Common features of this oxide are its analgesic, antiviral, deodorising and
balsamic properties. Other oxides include linalool oxide, bisabolol oxide and ascaridol.
Phenols – are powerful antibacterials. They warm the skin and stimulate blood flow. They are mentally stimulating when inhaled. Phenols are used in liniments because of their heating action. They should not be confused with the toxic phenol derived from petroleum. Phenols are one of two most common chemical types found in essential oils.
Phenols - Phenols have an antibacterial and very stimulating effect which can cause skin irritation. Due to their antiseptic and disinfectant properties they are very cleansing but may cause toxicity in the liver if used over a very prolonged period. Common phenols include eugenol found in clove, basil, rose and cinnamon, carvacrol found in oregano, spearmint and savory, and thymol
found in thyme. Other phenols include methyl eugenol, anethole, safrole and apiol among others.
Terpenes - Terpene hydrocarbons tend to be antiviral and antibacterial, but depending on their chemistry, they can also be analgesic, stimulating, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory and hormonal balancers. Terpenes are categorized as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes and include antiviral limonene (found in 90 per cent of citrus oils), antiseptic pinene found in pine and terpentine and camphene in cypress oil. As noted above, depending on extraction can determine what constituents are present. Diterpenes are usually only present in absolutes or tinctures
as the molecule is too heavy to allow for evaporation with steam during the distillation process. Specific research has been done on chamazulene and farnesol (sesquiterpenes found in chamomile oil) due to their amazing anti-inflammatory and bactericidal properties.
Anise Seed, trans-anethole, limonene, chavicol, anisaldehyde
Bergamot, Citrus bergamia – linayl acetate, linalool, nerol, terpineol, linalyl
acetate, bergaptene, dipentene, limonene
Cedarwood, Atlas, Cedrus atlantica – atlantone, caryophyllene, cedrol, cadinene
Cinnamon leaf, Cinnamommum zeylanicum – eugenol, eugenol acetate, cinnamaldehyde, benzyl benzoate, linalool, safrol
Citronella, Cymbopogon winterianus – citronellol, geranyl acetate, limonene, camphene
Clary sage, Salvia sclarea – linalool, salviol, linalyl acetate, cineole, caryophyllene
Clove bud, Eugenia caryophyllus – eugenol, eugenyl acetate, caryophyllene
Frankincense, Boswellia carteri – oinene, dipentene, limonene, thujene, phellendrene, cymene, myrcene, terpinene, octyl acetate, octonel, incensole, cadinene, camphene, pinene, olibanol
Geranium, Pelargonium graveolens – Citronellol, geraniol, linalool, isomenthone, phellandrene, sabinene, limonene, geranic acid, myrtenol, terpineol, citral, methone, eugenol
Jasmine, Jasminum grandiflorum – benzyl acetate, linalool, phenylacetic acid, benzyl alcohol, farnesol, methyl anthranilate, jasmone, methyl jasmonate, geraniol, nerol, terpineol, linalyl acetate, methyl anthranilate, eugenol geraniol, lavandulol, lavandulyl acetate, terpineol, cineol, limonene,
ocimene, caryophyllene, aeranyl acetate, pinene
Lemon, Citrus limonum – limonene, terpinene, pinene, sabinene, myrcene, citral, linalool, geraniol, octanol, nonanol, citronellal, bergamotene, cadinene, bisabolene, camphene, dipentene, phellandrene
Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus – citral, myrcene, dipentene, methylheptenone, linalool, geraniol, nerol, citronellol, farnesol
Lime, Citrus aurantifolia – limonene, pinene, camphene, sabinene, terpineol, citral, cymene, cineol, linalool, linalyl acetate, bergaptene, terpinoline
Marjoram, Sweet, Origanum marjorana – terpinene, borneol, terpineol, sabinene, linalool, carvacrol, linalyl acetate, ocimene, cadinene, geranyl acetate, citral, eugenol, camphor, caryophyllene, pinene
Orange, Sweet, Citrus sinensis - limonene, myrcene, camphene, pinene, ocimene, cymene, nerol, citral, methyl anthranilate, bergapten, auraptenol
Palmarosa, Cymbopogon martini – geraniol, farnesol, geranyl acetate, methyl heptenone, citronellol, citral, dipentene, limonene, citronellal
Patchouli, Pogostemon cablin – pogostol, bulnesol, nor patchoulenol, bulnese, patchoulene, benzoic, cinnamic, eugenol, cadinene
Pennyroyal – pulegone, menthone, isomenthone, l--pinene, l-limonene, dipentene, menthol, tannin
Mint, Peppermint, Mentha piperta – menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, menthofuran, limonene, pulegone, cineol, carvone, jasmone, carvacrol, phellandrene
Pine, Scotch, Pinus sylvestris – pinene, carene, dipentene. Limonene, terpinene, myrcene, ocimene, camphene, sabinene, bornyl acetate, cineol, citral, chamazulene, borneol, terpinyl acetate, cadinene, phelleandrene, pinene, sylvestrene
Rose, Cabbage, Rosa Centifolia – citronellol, phenyl ethanol, geraniol, nerol, stearopten, farnesol, geranic, eugenol, myrcene
Rose, Damask, Rosa damascena – citronellol, geraniol, nerol, stearopten, phenyl ethanol,
farnsesol, geranic, eugenol, myrcene
Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis – pinene, camphene, limonene, cineol, borneol, camphor,
linalool, terpineol, octanone, bornyl acetate, cuminic, caryophyllene
Tangerine, limonene, geranial, neral, geranyl acetate, geraniol , ß-caryophyllene, nerol, neryl acetate.
Tea tree, Melaleuca alternifolia – terpinene-4-ol, cineol, pinene, terpinene, cymene
Wild Chamomile, myrcene, (E)-beta-farnesene, germacrene D, geranyl isovalerate, (Z)-en-yn-dicycloether, 7-methoxy-coumarin (or herniarin)
Ylang-Ylang, Cananga odorata – methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, methyl para-cretol,
benzyl acetate, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, pinene, cadinene, benzoic, farnesol, safrole
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Measurement of capsaicin
Scoville scale
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoville_scale
The Scoville scale is a measurement of the spicy heat (or piquance) of a chili pepper. The number of Scoville heat units (SHU)[1] indicates the amount of capsaicin present. Capsaicin is a chemical compound that stimulates chemoreceptor nerve endings in the skin, especially the mucous membranes; pure capsaicin has a Scoville rating of 16,000,000 SHU.
The scale is named after its creator, American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville. His method, devised in 1912, is known as the Scoville Organoleptic Test.[2] The modern commonplace method for quantitative analysis uses high-performance liquid chromatography, making it possible to directly measure capsaicinoid content.
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When anthocyanidins are coupled to sugars, anthocyanins are formed
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits
List Of Culinary Fruits
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MORE CHARACTERISTIC AROMATICS BY PLANT: http://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils23/EssentialOils23.htm
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methyl cinnamate: Stawberry + cinnamon:
Eucalyptus olida has the highest known concentrations of methyl cinnamate (98%) with a 2-6% fresh weight yield in the leaf and twigs.[5]
Eucalyptus olida, also known as the Strawberry Gum, is a medium-sized tree to 20 m, restricted to sclerophyll woodlands on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, in Eastern Australia. The bark is fibrous in mature trees. Flowers are cream coloured and are followed by small woody capsules. The juvenile leaves are ovate (7 cm long) and dull green. Adult leaves are lanceolate and glossy green (to 17 cm). [1] The leaves are intensely aromatic and are used as a bushfood spice.
E.olida is classified as a threatened species in the wild, but is becoming more common in cultivation due to its essential oil and spice qualities.
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methyl eugenol: expected carcinogen: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/Methyleugenol.pdf
IN BASIL, BAY, MACE, NUTMEG
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolignol
Monolignols are phytochemicals acting as source materials for biosynthesis of both lignans and lignin. The starting material for production of monolignols is the amino acid phenylalanine. The first reactions in the biosynthesis are shared with the phenylpropanoid pathway, and monolignols are considered to be a part of this group of compounds. There are three main monolignols: coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol and paracoumaryl alcohol. Different plants use different monolignols. For example, Norway spruce lignin is almost entirely coniferyl alcohol while paracoumaryl alcohol is found almost exclusively in grasses.
Monolignols are synthetised in the cytosol as glucosides. The glucose is added to the monolignol to make them water soluble and to reduce their toxicity. The glucosides are transported through the cell membrane to the apoplast. The glucose is then removed and the monolignols are polymerised into lignin.
The phenylpropenes are derived from the monolignols.
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http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Labiatae
Labiatae - a large family of aromatic herbs and shrubs having flowers resembling the lips of a mouth and four-lobed ovaries yielding four one-seeded nutlets and including mint; thyme; sage; rosemary
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GREAT RESOURCE BUT MAY NEED GOOGLE TO SEARCH IT:
http://www.epharmacognosy.com
example:
http://www.epharmacognosy.com/2012/04/monoterpenoids.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources."[1] It is also defined as the study of crude drugs.
http://www.pharmacognosy.us/
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^ Shulgin, A. T.; Sargent, T.; Naranjo, C. (1967). "The Chemistry and Psychopharmacology of Nutmeg and of Several Related Phenylisopropylamines" (pdf). Psychopharmacology Bulletin 4 (3): 13. PMID 5615546. http://bitnest.ca/external.php?id=%250E%253D9%250F%2524G%252F%2518B%255B%255B4%2522.FXQ%255CO%2500TK. edit
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Vanillin biosynthesis:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillin
The biosynthesis of vanillin is achieved by the conversion of tyrosine into 4-coumaric acid then into ferulic acid and finally into vanillin. Vanillin is then converted into its corresponding glucose ester.